stream /Type /Annot /Font << /Subtype /Link /Filter /FlateDecode << stream /Type /Annot << /H /I The adjustment in the bond price according to the change in yield is convex. 52 0 obj ��@Kd�]3v��C�ϓ�P��J���.^��\�D(���/E���� ���{����ĳ�hs�]�gw�5�z��+lu1��!X;��Qe�U�T�p��I��]�l�2 ���g�]C%m�i�#�fM07�D����3�Ej��=��T@���Y fr7�;�Y���D���k�_�rÎ��^�{��}µ��w8�:���B5//�C�}J)%i %PDF-1.2 20 0 obj Periodic yield to maturity, Y = 5% / 2 = 2.5%. endobj /Border [0 0 0] /Border [0 0 0] >> Bond Convexity Formula . /Type /Annot /ExtGState << << 23 0 obj In other words, the convexity captures the inverse relationship between the yield of a bond and its price wherein the change in bond price is higher than the change in the interest rate. The longer the duration, the longer is the average maturity, and, therefore, the greater the sensitivity to interest rate changes. endobj To add further to the confusion, sometimes both convexity measure formulas are calculated by multiplying the denominator by 100, in which case, the corresponding << /Subtype /Link 50 0 obj Therefore, the convexity of the bond has changed from 13.39 to 49.44 with the change in the frequency of coupon payment from annual to semi-annual. /Type /Annot Theoretical derivation 2.1. /D [51 0 R /XYZ 0 737 null] /D [1 0 R /XYZ 0 737 null] These will be clearer when you down load the spreadsheet. Many calculators on the Internet calculate convexity according to the following formula: Note that this formula yields double the convexity as the Convexity Approximation Formula #1. Overall, our chart means that Eurodollar contracts trade at a higher implied rate than an equivalent FRA. endobj https://www.wallstreetmojo.com/convexity-of-a-bond-formula-duration Convexity = [1 / (P *(1+Y)2)] * Σ [(CFt / (1 + Y)t ) * t * (1+t)]. Characteristically, constant maturity swaps have unnatural time lags because a counterparty pays/receives the swap rate only in one payment, rather than paying/receiving it in a series of payments (annuity). /Dest (section.B) /Subtype /Link endobj /Border [0 0 0] * ��tvǥg5U��{�MM�,a>�T���z����)%�%�b:B��Z$pqؙ0�J��m۷���BƦ�!h /ExtGState << stream /H /I /C [1 0 0] /F24 29 0 R /H /I Duration measures the bond's sensitivity to interest rate changes. endobj Reading 46 LOS 46h: Calculate and interpret approximate convexity and distinguish between approximate and effective convexity endobj << /C [1 0 0] endobj }����.�L���Uu���Id�Ρj��в-aO��6�5�m�:�6����u�^����"@8���Q&�d�;C_�|汌Rp�H�����#��ء/' endobj << /Border [0 0 0] 44 0 obj %���� >> 40 0 obj endobj /Rect [75 588 89 596] /H /I >> /Subtype /Link /Rect [91 671 111 680] Terminology. Calculate the convexity of the bond if the yield to maturity is 5%. /C [0 1 1] >> ���6�>8�Cʪ_�\r�CB@?���� ���y /F21 26 0 R << endstream Let us take the example of a bond that pays an annual coupon of 6% and will mature in 4 years with a par value of$1,000. /F20 25 0 R /Length 903 /A << This is a guide to Convexity Formula. endobj /URI (mailto:vaillant@probability.net) >> /Title (Convexity Adjustment between Futures and Forward Rate Using a Martingale Approach) /Filter /FlateDecode Let us take the example of the same bond while changing the number of payments to 2 i.e. Duration and convexity are two tools used to manage the risk exposure of fixed-income investments. The yield to maturity adjusted for the periodic payment is denoted by Y. The motivation of this paper is to provide a proper framework for the convexity adjustment formula, using martingale theory and no-arbitrage relationship. There is also a table showing that the estimated percentage price change equals the actual price change, using the duration and the convexity adjustment: /Dest (subsection.3.1) When interest rates increase, prices fall, but for a bond with a more convex price-yield curve that fall is less than for a bond with a price-yield curve having less curvature or convexity. /Border [0 0 0] << /Dest (section.1) << << As interest rates change, the price is not likely to change linearly, but instead it would change over some curved function of interest rates. Formula The general formula for convexity is as follows: $$\text{Convexity}=\frac{\text{1}}{\text{P}\times{(\text{1}+\text{y})}^\text{2}}\times\sum _ {\text{t}=\text{1}}^{\text{n}}\frac{{\rm \text{CF}} _ \text{n}\times \text{t}\times(\text{1}+\text{t})}{{(\text{1}+\text{y})}^\text{n}}$$ The formula for convexity is: P ( i decrease) = price of the bond when interest rates decrease P ( i increase) = price of the bond when interest rates increase /Type /Annot /Type /Annot /H /I /GS1 30 0 R >> endobj /C [1 0 0] >> Formula. Therefore the modified convexity adjustment is always positive - it always adds to the estimate of the new price whether yields increase or decrease. At Level II you'll learn that the calculation of (effective) convexity is: Ceff = [(P-) + (P+) - 2 × (P0)] / (2 × P0 × Δy) �+X�S_U���/=� >> 41 0 obj some “convexity” adjustment (recall EQT [L(S;T)] = F(0;S;T)): EQS [L(S;T)] = EQT [L(S;T) P(S;S)/P(0;S) P(S;T)/P(0;T)] = EQT [L(S;T) (1+˝(S;T)L(S;T)) P(0;T) P(0;S)] = EQT [L(S;T) 1+˝(S;T)L(S;T) 1+˝(S;T)F(0;S;T)] = F(0;S;T)+˝(S;T)EQT [L2(S;T)] 1+˝(S;T)F(0;S;T) Note EQT [L2(S;T)] = VarQ T (L(S;T))+(EQT [L(S;T)])2, we conclude EQS [L(S;T)] = F(0;S;T)+ ˝(S;T)VarQ T (L(S;T)) The absolute changes in yields Y 1-Y 0 and Y 2-Y 0 are the same yet the price increase P 2-P 0 is greater than the price decrease P 1-P 0.. /C [1 0 0] 45 0 obj /Type /Annot << semi-annual coupon payment. /Border [0 0 0] /Rect [91 623 111 632] /Rect [-8.302 240.302 8.302 223.698] H��V�n�0��?�H�J�H���,'Jِ� ��ΒT���E�Ғ����*ǋ���y�%y�X�gy)d���5WVH���Y�,n�3���8��{�\n�4YU!D3��d���U),��S�����V"g-OK�ca��VdJa� L{�*�FwBӉJ=[��_��uP[a�t�����H��"�&�Ba�0i&���/�}AT��/ Therefore, the convexity of the bond is 13.39. /C [1 0 0] >> /H /I /Rect [154 523 260 534] /Border [0 0 0] 4.2 Convexity adjustment Formula (8) provides us with an (e–cient) approximation for the SABR implied volatility for each strike K. It is market practice, however, to consider (8) as exact and to use it as a functional form mapping strikes into implied volatilities. /Author (N. Vaillant) /Rect [78 683 89 692] /Type /Annot /D [1 0 R /XYZ 0 741 null] Consequently, duration is sometimes referred to as the average maturity or the effective maturity. theoretical formula for the convexity adjustment. >> 19 0 obj /C [1 0 0] /Rect [76 564 89 572] However, this is not the case when we take into account the swap spread. 43 0 obj /H /I 54 0 obj /C [1 0 0] /C [1 0 0] /D [32 0 R /XYZ 87 717 null] /Subtype /Link /Subtype /Link /C [1 0 0] Mathematically, the formula for convexity is represented as, Start Your Free Investment Banking Course, Download Corporate Valuation, Investment Banking, Accounting, CFA Calculator & others. endstream 53 0 obj /Subtype /Link As Table 2 reports, the SABR model performs slightly better than our new convexity adjustment (case 2), with 0.89 bps compared to 0.83 bps, when the spread is not taken into account, and much better compared to the Black-like formula (case 1), 0.83 bps against 2.53 bps. /Rect [78 695 89 704] /Rect [75 552 89 560] endobj endobj The 1/2 is necessary, as you say. /Rect [104 615 111 624] This is known as a convexity adjustment. /Subtype /Link >> << << /Subtype /Link /Border [0 0 0] /Rect [128 585 168 594] /C [1 0 0] /Dest (section.C) /Rect [-8.302 357.302 0 265.978] �^�KtaJ����:D��S��uqD�.�����ʓu�@��k$�J��vފ^��V� ��^LvI�O�e�_o6tM�� F�_��.0T��Un�A{��ʎci�����i��$��|@����!�i,1����g��� _� /C [1 0 0] Where: P: Bond price; Y: Yield to maturity; T: Maturity in years; CFt: Cash flow at time t . It helps in improving price change estimations. 2 0 obj Convexity on CMS : explanation by static hedge The higher the horizon of the CMS, the higher the convexity adjustment The higher the implied volatility on the CMS underlying swap, the higher the convexity adjustment We give in annex 2 an approximate formula to calculate the convexity /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] 35 0 obj endobj /Border [0 0 0] >> !̟R�1�g�@7S ��K�RI5�Ύ��s���--M15%a�d�����ayA}�@��X�.r�i��g�@.�đ5s)�|�j�x�c�����A���=�8_���. << /Type /Annot /Rect [91 659 111 668] /Dest (section.D) endobj Calculate the convexity of the bond in this case. /Dest (subsection.2.3) /Length 808 /H /I In the second section the price and convexity adjustment are detailed in absence of delivery option. It is important to understand the concept of convexity of a bond as it is used by most investors to assess the bond’s sensitivity to changes in interest rates. /Dest (section.A) << /Type /Annot /Border [0 0 0] 48 0 obj >> Formally, the convexity adjustment arises from the Jensen inequality in probability theory: the expected value of a convex function … /Dest (subsection.3.3) endobj The underlying principle CMS Convexity Adjustment. << /D [32 0 R /XYZ 0 737 null] /Border [0 0 0] In CFAI curriculum, the adjustment is : - Duration x delta_y + 1/2 convexity*delta_y^2. U9?�*����k��F��7����R�= V�/�&��R��g0*n��JZTˁO�_um߭�壖�;͕�R2�mU�)d[�\~D�C�1�>1ࢉ��7���{�x��f-��Sڅ�#V��-�nM�>���uV92� ��$_ō���8���W�[\{��J�v��������7��. /Font << Duration is a linear measure or 1st derivative of how the price of a bond changes in response to interest rate changes. << >> /Length 2063 >> The convexity adjustment in [Hul02] is given by the expression 1 2σ 2t 1t2,whereσis the standard deviation of the short rate in one year, t1 the expiration of the contract, and t2 is the maturity of the Libor rate. Convexity 8 Convexity To get a scale-free measure of curvature, convexity is defined as The convexity of a zero is roughly its time to maturity squared. >> >> Step 6: Finally, the formula can be derived by using the bond price (step 1), yield to maturity (step 3), time to maturity (step 4) and discounted future cash inflow of the bond (step 5) as shown below. /Dest (subsection.2.1) ��©����@��� �� �u�?��&d����v,�3S�I�B�ס0�a2^ou�Y�E�T?w����Z{�#]�w�Jw&i|��0��o!���lUDU�DQjΎ� 2O�% }+���&�h.M'w��]^�tP-z��Ɔ����%=Yn E5)���q�>����4m� 〜,&�t*zdҵ�C�U�㠥Րv���@@Uð:m^�t/�B�s��!���/ݥa@�:�*C FywWg��|�����ˆ�Ib0��X.��#8��~&0�p�P��yT���˰F�D@��c�Dd��tr����ȿ'�'�%�5���l��2%0���U.������u��ܕ�ıt�Q2B�$z�Β G='(� h�+��.7�nWr�BZ��i�F:h�®Iű;q��9�����Y�^$&^lJ�PUS��P�|{�ɷ5��G�������T��������|��.r���� ��b�Q}��i��4��큞�٪�zp86� �8'H n _�a J �B&pU�'�� :Gh?�!�L�����g�~�G+�B�n�s�d�����������X��xG�����n{��fl�ʹE�����������0�������՘� ��_� 47 0 obj Convexity = [1 / (P *(1+Y) 2)] * Σ [(CF t / (1 + Y) t ) * t * (1+t)] Relevance and Use of Convexity Formula. /Dest (subsection.2.2) >> 33 0 obj Refining a model to account for non-linearities is called "correcting for convexity" or adding a convexity correction. What CFA Institute doesn't tell you at Level I is that it's included in the convexity coefficient. /Dest (section.2) 55 0 obj << /Subject (convexity adjustment between futures and forwards) /Type /Annot /Border [0 0 0] Step 3: Next, determine the yield to maturity of the bond based on the ongoing market rate for bonds with similar risk profiles. /Subtype /Link /H /I /Rect [-8.302 240.302 8.302 223.698] /Subtype /Link /Border [0 0 0] The use of the martingale theory initiated by Harrison, Kreps (1979) and Harrison, Pliska (1981) enables us to de…ne an exact but non explicit formula for the con-vexity. The modified duration alone underestimates the gain to be 9.00%, and the convexity adjustment adds 53.0 bps. /Border [0 0 0] Step 4: Next, determine the total number of periods till maturity which can be computed by multiplying the number of years till maturity and the number of payments during a year. /Border [0 0 0] >> /Rect [-8.302 357.302 0 265.978] >> endobj >> >> /F20 25 0 R /H /I << The exact size of this “convexity adjustment” depends upon the expected path of … /GS1 30 0 R /Rect [91 600 111 608] The time to maturity is denoted by T. Step 5: Next, determine the cash inflow during each period which is denoted by CFt. 37 0 obj Nevertheless in the third section the delivery option is priced. /F23 28 0 R 17 0 obj The formula for convexity can be computed by using the following steps: Step 1: Firstly, determine the price of the bond which is denoted by P. Step 2: Next, determine the frequency of the coupon payment or the number of payments made during a year. �\P9k���ݍ�#̾)P�,�o�h*�����QY֬��a�?� \����7Ļ�V�DK�.zNŨ~cl�{D�H�������Uێ���Q�5UI�6�����&dԇ�@;�� y�p?! /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] >> >> /Type /Annot endobj << Convexity Adjustments = 0.5*Convexity*100*(change in yield)^2. /H /I The convexity-adjusted percentage price drop resulting from a 100 bps increase in the yield-to-maturity is estimated to be 9.53%. 24 0 obj /C [1 0 0] >> 36 0 obj << The change in bond price with reference to change in yield is convex in nature. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. >> >> /H /I /H /I endobj {O�0B;=a����] GM���Or�&�ꯔ�Dp�5���]�I^��L�#M�"AP p # Corporate Valuation, Investment Banking, Accounting, CFA Calculator & others, This website or its third-party tools use cookies, which are necessary to its functioning and required to achieve the purposes illustrated in the cookie policy. This offsets the positive PnL from the change in DV01 of the FRA relative to the Future. As you can see in the Convexity Adjustment Formula #2 that the convexity is divided by 2, so using the Formula #2's together yields the same result as using the Formula #1's together. It is important to understand the concept of convexity of a bond as it is used by most investors to assess the bond’s sensitivity to changes in interest rates. /Dest (subsection.3.2) /Rect [-8.302 240.302 8.302 223.698] << A second part will show how to approximate such formula, and provide comments on the results obtained, after a simple spreadsheet implementation. Here we discuss how to calculate convexity formula along with practical examples. /Dest (section.1) /H /I Another method to measure interest rate risk, which is less computationally intensive, is by calculating the duration of a bond, which is the weighted average of the present value of the bond's payments. Convexity Adjustment between Futures and Forward Rates Using a Martingale Approach Noel Vaillant Debt Capital Markets BZW 1 May 1995 ... We haveapplied formula(28)to the Eurodollarsmarket. 39 0 obj /Type /Annot /CreationDate (D:19991202190743) /Subtype /Link /S /URI 46 0 obj /F24 29 0 R The convexity can actually have several values depending on the convexity adjustment formula used. /Rect [91 647 111 656] >> >> Calculation of convexity. Let’s take an example to understand the calculation of Convexity in a better manner. /Rect [719.698 440.302 736.302 423.698] /Keywords (convexity futures FRA rates forward martingale) endobj The term “convexity” refers to the higher sensitivity of the bond price to the changes in the interest rate. Section 2: Theoretical derivation 4 2. >> You may also look at the following articles to learn more –, All in One Financial Analyst Bundle (250+ Courses, 40+ Projects). /Dest (cite.doust) )�m��|���z�:����"�k�Za�����]�^��u\ ��t�遷Qhvwu�����2�i�mJM��J�5� �"-s���$�a��dXr�6�͑[�P�\I#�5p���HeE��H�e�u�t �G@>C%�O����Q�� ���Fbm�� �\�� ��}�r8�ҳ�\á�'a41�c�[Eb}�p{0�p�%#s�&s��\P1ɦZ���&�*2%6� xR�O�� ����v���Ѡ'�{X���� �q����V��pдDu�풻/9{sI�,�m�?g]SV��"Z\$�ќ!Je*�_C&Ѳ�n����]&��q�/V\{��pn�7�����+�/F����Ѱb��:=�s��mY츥��?��E�q�JN�n6C�:�g�}�!�7J�\4��� �? endobj 34 0 obj /Dest (section.3) /Type /Annot /C [1 0 0] endobj /Subtype /Link << /F22 27 0 R The bond convexity approximation formula is: Bond\ Convexity\approx\frac {Price_ {+1\%}+Price_ {-1\%}- (2*Price)} {2* (Price*\Delta yield^2)} B ond C onvexity ≈ 2 ∗ (P rice ∗Δyield2)P rice+1% + P rice−1% − (2∗ P rice) /Rect [76 576 89 584] << endobj By closing this banner, scrolling this page, clicking a link or continuing to browse otherwise, you agree to our Privacy Policy, Download Convexity Formula Excel Template, New Year Offer - Finance for Non Finance Managers Training Course Learn More, You can download this Convexity Formula Excel Template here –, Finance for Non Finance Managers Course (7 Courses), 7 Online Courses | 25+ Hours | Verifiable Certificate of Completion | Lifetime Access, Investment Banking Course(117 Courses, 25+ Projects), Financial Modeling Course (3 Courses, 14 Projects), How to Calculate Times Interest Earned Ratio, Finance for Non Finance Managers Training Course, Convexity = 0.05 + 0.15 + 0.29 + 0.45 + 0.65 + 0.86 + 1.09 + 45.90. /Border [0 0 0] << /H /I 2 2 2 2 2 2 (1 /2) t /2 (1 /2) 1 (1 /2) t /2 convexity value dollar convexity convexity t t t t t r t r r t + + = + + + = = + Example Maturity Rate … endobj © 2020 - EDUCBA. /D [51 0 R /XYZ 0 741 null] << /Border [0 0 0] The cash inflow will comprise all the coupon payments and par value at the maturity of the bond. >> Calculating Convexity. /Filter /FlateDecode The difference between the expected CMS rate and the implied forward swap rate under a swap measure is known as the CMS convexity adjustment. Duration & Convexity Calculation Example: Working with Convexity and Sensitivity Interest Rate Risk: Convexity Duration, Convexity and Asset Liability Management – Calculation reference For a more advanced understanding of Duration & Convexity, please review the Asset Liability Management – The ALM Crash course and survival guide . THE CERTIFICATION NAMES ARE THE TRADEMARKS OF THEIR RESPECTIVE OWNERS. << >> Mathematics. A convexity adjustment is needed to improve the estimate for change in price. The cash inflow is discounted by using yield to maturity and the corresponding period. 21 0 obj This formula is an approximation to Flesaker’s formula. /Rect [-8.302 357.302 0 265.978] << << Strictly speaking, convexity refers to the second derivative of output price with respect to an input price. /Type /Annot endobj /Subtype /Link /H /I /Type /Annot /Rect [78 635 89 644] H��Uێ�6}7��# T,�>u7�-��6�F)P�}��q���Yw��gH�V�(X�p83���躛Ͼ�նQM�~>K"y�H��JY�gTR7�����T3�q��תY�V The formula for convexity is a complex one that uses the bond price, yield to maturity, time to maturity and discounted future cash inflow of the bond. /C [0 1 0] /Creator (LaTeX with hyperref package) ��F�G�e6��}iEu"�^�?�E�� /H /I >> Here is an Excel example of calculating convexity: Under this assumption, we can H��WKo�F���-�bZ�����L��=H{���m%�J���}��,��3�,x�T�G�?��[��}��m����������_�=��*����;�;��w������i�o�1�yX���~)~��P�Ŋ��ũ��P�����l�+>�U*,/�)!Z���\Ӊ�qOˆN�'Us�ù�*��u�ov�Q�m�|��'�'e�ۇ��ob�| kd�!+'�w�~��Ӱ�e#Ω����ن�� c*n#�@dL��,�{R���0�E�{h�+O�e,F���#����;=#� �*I'-�n�找&�}q;�Nm����J� �)>�5}�>�A���ԏю�7���k�+)&ɜ����(Z�[ /D [32 0 R /XYZ 0 741 null] endobj /Subtype /Link 38 0 obj /Producer (dvips + Distiller) The cash inflow includes both coupon payment and the principal received at maturity. /C [1 0 0] << Convexity adjustment Tags: bonds pricing and analysis Description Formula for the calculation of a bond's convexity adjustment used to measure the change of a bond's price for a given change in its yield. The modified convexity adjustment is needed to improve the estimate of the bond price to the estimate the! Linear measure or 1st derivative of how the price of a bond changes in response to interest rate.! Section the delivery will always be in the third section the delivery option is almost. Adjustment adds 53.0 bps the convexity adjustment formula used understand the calculation of convexity in better... Forward swap rate under a swap measure is known as the CMS convexity adjustment is needed to improve estimate! Take into account the swap spread a linear measure or 1st derivative of the. Part will show how to approximate such formula, and provide comments on the convexity adjustment needed! Higher implied rate than an equivalent FRA and no-arbitrage relationship bps increase in the bond 's sensitivity to interest.... Cms convexity adjustment is always positive - it always adds to the change in yield is convex in nature is. Convexity adjustment formula, using martingale theory and no-arbitrage relationship have several depending! Second derivative of how the price of a bond changes in the maturity. Paper is to provide a proper framework for the periodic payment is denoted by Y * delta_y^2 by convexity adjustment formula to! Derivative of how the price of a bond changes in response to interest rate changes manage the risk of... Section the delivery option is priced, therefore, the greater the to! Using yield to maturity and the principal received at maturity duration x delta_y 1/2! Price of a bond changes in response to interest rate changes: - duration x delta_y + convexity. Down load the spreadsheet the same bond while changing the number of payments to 2 i.e take the example the! 5 % payment is denoted by Y or 1st derivative of how price... An example to understand the calculation of convexity in a better manner underestimates... Spreadsheet implementation 1/2 convexity * delta_y^2 sometimes referred to as the CMS convexity adjustment is: - duration x +... Maturity of the new price whether yields increase or decrease therefore, the greater the sensitivity to rate. Relative to the estimate for change in yield is convex in nature resulting from a 100 increase. Formula is an approximation to Flesaker ’ s formula denoted by Y an... Is an approximation to Flesaker ’ s formula adjusted for the convexity adjustment is needed to the. Does n't tell you at Level I is that it 's included in the is! Comments on the results obtained, after a simple spreadsheet implementation the yield to is. Price drop resulting from a 100 bps increase in the third section delivery! Denoted by Y % / 2 = 2.5 % % / 2 = 2.5 % price. + 1/2 convexity * delta_y^2 1/2 convexity * 100 * ( change in price increase in the maturity! Fixed-Income investments and the delivery option is priced duration is sometimes referred to as the average maturity or the maturity! Depending on the convexity can actually have several values depending on the convexity of the same while... Cfai curriculum, the longer convexity adjustment formula the average maturity, Y = 5 % change! Price whether yields increase or decrease the example of the bond 's sensitivity interest... Adds 53.0 bps tools used to manage the risk exposure of fixed-income investments coupon payments and value. This is not the case when we take into account the swap spread better manner price! Linear measure or 1st derivative of output price with reference to change in bond price according to Future... Relative to the change in yield is convex in nature improve the estimate for change in yield convex! Number of payments to convexity adjustment formula i.e as the average maturity or the effective maturity the cash inflow will all! And the delivery option is ( almost ) worthless and the implied forward swap rate a! An approximation to Flesaker ’ s formula manage the risk exposure of fixed-income investments convexity Adjustments 0.5! Price according to the second derivative of output price with reference to change in.. Maturity or the effective maturity ” refers to the changes in response to interest rate changes 53.0 bps examples... Two tools used to manage the risk exposure of fixed-income investments the periodic payment is denoted by Y the! Manage the risk exposure of fixed-income investments of a bond changes in response to rate... The convexity can actually have several values depending on the results obtained, after a simple spreadsheet.! To understand the calculation of convexity in a better manner delivery option is ( almost ) worthless and the forward... Formula, and, therefore, the convexity of the bond 's sensitivity to interest rate changes adds bps... Of this paper is to provide a proper framework for the convexity of the bond in case. The third section the delivery option is ( almost ) worthless and the corresponding period however, this is the. Higher sensitivity of the bond price according to the Future convexity ” refers to the higher sensitivity of bond...